1 1 1 1 1 10 1 0 becomes 0 0 01 1 1 1 1 1'majority'Sets a pixel to 1 if five or morepixels in its 3-by-3 neighborhood are 1s; otherwise, it sets the pixelto 0.' Open'Performs morphological opening (erosion followed by dilation).' Remove'Removes interior pixels. This option sets a pixel to 0 ifall its 4-connected neighbors are 1, thus leavingonly the boundary pixels on.' Shrink'With n = Inf, shrinks objects to points.It removes pixels so that objects without holes shrink to a point,and objects with holes shrink to a connected ring halfway betweeneach hole and the outer boundary. This option preserves the Eulernumber.'
Skel'With n = Inf, removes pixels on theboundaries of objects but does not allow objects to break apart. Thepixels remaining make up the image skeleton. This option preservesthe Euler number.When working with 3-D volumes, or when you want to prune a skeleton, use thefunction.' Spur'Removes spur pixels. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 1 0 becomes 0 0 0 00 1 0 0 0 1 0 01 1 0 0 1 1 0 0'thicken'With n = Inf, thickens objects byadding pixels to the exterior of objects until doing so would resultin previously unconnected objects being 8-connected. This option preservesthe Euler number.' Thin'With n = Inf, thins objects to lines.It removes pixels so that an object without holes shrinks to a minimallyconnected stroke, and an object with holes shrinks to a connectedring halfway between each hole and the outer boundary.
This optionpreserves the Euler number. See for more detail.' Tophat'Performs morphological 'top hat' operation, returningthe image minus the morphological opening of the image (erosion followedby dilation).Example: BW3 = bwmorph(BW,'skel');Data Types: char string.bwmorph supports the generation of Ccode (requires MATLAB ®Coder™). Note that if you choose the generic MATLAB Host Computertarget platform, bwmorph generates code that uses a precompiled,platform-specific shared library. Use of a shared library preserves performance optimizationsbut limits the target platforms for which code can be generated.
For more information, see.When generating code, the character vectors or string scalars specifying the operationmust be a compile-time constant and, for best results, the input image must be of classlogical.GPU Code Generation Generate CUDA® code for NVIDIA® GPUs using GPU Coder™.
Crack formation is a frequent result of residual stress release from colloidal films made by the evaporation of colloidal droplets containing nanoparticles. Crack prevention is a significant task in industrial applications such as painting and inkjet printing with colloidal nanoparticles. Here, we illustrate how colloidal drops evaporate and how crack generation is dependent on the particle size and initial volume fraction, through direct visualization of the individual colloids with confocal laser microscopy.
To prevent crack formation, we suggest use of a versatile method to control the colloid-polymer interactions by mixing a nonadsorbing polymer with the colloidal suspension, which is known to drive gelation of the particles with short-range attraction. Gelation-driven crack prevention is a feasible and simple method to obtain crack-free, uniform coatings through drying-mediated assembly of colloidal nanoparticles.
Colloidal suspensions, where colloids or nanoparticles are uniformly suspended in a solvent, are widely used in industry. A drying process is usually adopted to deposit the colloids on a solid surface, allowing fabrication of thin colloidal films. Drying-mediated assembly of colloidal nanoparticles is a cutting-edge technology. However, cracking of the dried colloidal films frequently takes place, particularly for those made from nanoparticle suspensions, which can thus cause critical problems for application. Prevention of cracking is a significant task to improve the quality of colloidal films containing nanoparticles, as well as to increase the applicability of large-area, highly ordered and crack-free colloidal films.A variety of feasible methods for crack prevention have been suggested to date. For example, avoidance of cracking had been achieved through use of subsequent depositions of thin crack-free nanoparticle layers, addition of hydrogels to suspensions to reduce their capillary pressures, variation of the pH or addition of inorganic particles to control suspension flocculation, addition of a sol-gel glue or a sol-gel precursor, addition of emulsion droplets to modulate suspension viscosity and use of organic colloids to enhance the fracture resistance of sol-gel coatings. Some examples of polymer addition for prevention of cracks can also be found in ceramic materials (for review, see ): polymers are added as binders into clays to increase fracture resistance, which is an industrial tradition, while poly(vinylalchohol) was found to reduce cracking in colloidal alumina and a variety of soft components, including polymers, soft spheres and glycerol, were reported to increase fracture resistance in mixtures with colloids.
However, despite the many attempts which have been made to prevent cracking, a simple and highly versatile method that utilizes well-known and well-controlled physics, such as gelation, is still required to allow more effective elimination of cracking in various colloidal suspensions.In principle, capillary pressures created by liquid menisci between colloidal particles are responsible for cracking. While drying under ambient conditions, the capillary stresses normal to a colloidal film generate tensile stresses in the plane of the film. From competition between the capillary and tensile stresses, the critical thickness of the film at which cracking would be initiated could be derived by balancing the critical stress for nucleation of an isolated crack and the Griffith’s criterion for equilibrium crack propagation. The critical cracking thickness (CCT = h max) is determined by the maximum capillary pressure P max beyond which the liquid menisci recede into the porous colloidal film, limiting deformation of the film. The CCT is dependent on strain for soft colloids, which are deformable, while it exhibits stress-dependency for hard colloids which are very stiff and have negligible particle deformation. Specifically, the CCT of hard colloids is dependent on the particle radius r and the particle shear modulus G.
The h max increases proportionally to r and G, as h max ∝ r 3/2 G 1/2, where. In practice, the film thickness, h, would depend on the initial particle volume fraction as well as the particle size. Therefore, the criterion of h h max for crack formation must be dependent on the initial particle volume fraction. In addition, h is a function of the droplet geometry during evaporation. To prevent cracking at some conditions of h. Evaporation complexity of colloidal dropletsThe complicated dynamics involved in the evaporation of colloidal droplets are schematically illustrated in.
The complexity of droplet evaporation has been widely studied since the discovery of the coffee-ring effect (see for a recent review). When a spherical cap drop evaporates on a flat solid surface in still air, the following three hydrodynamic flows are generated inside the droplet, influencing the final deposition patterns after evaporation : the evaporative vapor flux, J E, from the droplet surface to the atmosphere and J 0 at the droplet center; the outward coffee-ring flow, J C, induced by J E; and the fluid flow, J F, traveling through the compact region with a width, w, marked by the gray part in Ref. Consequently the outward flows, J C, by the coffee-ring effect and J F by Darcy’s law, influence the drying-mediated compaction dynamics through solute accumulation toward the droplet edge. Evaporation complexity of colloidal droplets.( a) Hydrodynamic flows during evaporation: the evaporative vapor flux, J E, from the droplet surface to the atmosphere and J 0 at the center; the outward coffee-ring flow, J C, induced by J E; and the fluid flow, J F, through the compact region with a width, w, as marked by the gray part. ( b) Three evaporation stages with respect to the growth of the compaction region with width w up to a final width, w f: w ≈ 0 at the initial (pinning) stage, 0. The complicated evaporation dynamics can be considered to occur in three stages, as illustrated in, with respect to growth of the compaction region with a width, w. At the initial (pinning) stage, w ≈ 0, where the colloidal particles are evenly distributed throughout a droplet with radius R, where only a few particles can induce self-pinning as a requisite for the coffee-ring effect.
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At the intermediate (packing) stage, 0.